Entry-level teamwork behaviours through a groupwork lens: Findings from employer interviews and job advertisements

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1921/gpwk20252476

Keywords:

groupwork, group work, graduate employability, skills, teamwork, facilitation

Abstract

Teamwork is a core employability attribute for business management graduates, yet what it entails at entry level is often left unspecified. Analysis of 75 graduate job advertisements, triangulated with 11 employer interviews, yields a behaviourally specific profile of effective entry-level teamwork. Using a groupwork lens, findings cluster into three domains: task approach and completion, social interaction and collaboration, and the individual in the organisational system. The result is a behaviourally specific checklist to guide curriculum design, assessment and onboarding, aligning preparation with employer expectations.

Author Biographies

Salomien Hester Boshoff, Akademia

Salomien Hester Boshoff is a marketing lecturer, programme coordinator, subject head and researcher specialising in employability skills and graduate development in marketing and management. Her research focuses on teamwork, behavioural attributes and preparing business management graduates for the world of work. Through qualitative inquiry and industry engagement, she bridges academic insight with employer expectations, equipping students and lecturers with practical frameworks to enhance graduate readiness.

Corlia Janse van Vuuren

Corlia Janse van Vuuren is the Vice-Dean: Teaching & Learning in the Faculty of Health Sciences, UFS. She has a passion for both student and staff success, which directs her research towards finding innovative, evidence-based solutions to continuously enhance structures and/or processes. She believes in the refinement of curricula, ensuring that 21st century graduates possess the necessary disciplinary knowledge and skills interwoven with well-developed graduate attributes to stand out in the competitive world of work.

Habofanwe Koloa

Habofanwe Koloa Obtained PhD in entrepreneurship from the North-West University in 2015. Former Senior Lecturer at the UFS and Unisa. Currently, an Associate Professor at the North-West University in the School of Management Sciences. Researcher interest are in Marketing and Entrepreneurship.

References

AACU (Association of American Colleges and Universities) (2009) Raising the bar: Employers’ views on college learning in the wake of the economic downturn. Washington, DC: AAC&U. Available at: https://www.aacu.org/sites/default/files/files/LEAP/2009_EmployerSurvey.pdf (Accessed 25 August 2021).

Aliu, J. and Aigbavboa, C. (2023a) Key generic skills for employability of built environment graduates, International Journal of Construction Management, 23(3), pp. 542–552.

Aliu, J. and Aigbavboa, C. (2023b) Graduate employability skills in the 21st century workplace, Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Development, 11(2), pp. 45–59.

Bansal, P., Smith, W.K. and Vaara, E. (2018) New ways of seeing through qualitative research, Academy of Management Journal, 61(4), pp. 1189–1195. doi:10.5465/amj.2018.4004.

Bell, S.T., Brown, S.G., Colaneri, A. and Outland, N.B. (2018) Team composition and the ABCs of teamwork, American Psychologist, 73(4), pp. 349–362.

Bion, W.R. (1961) Experiences in groups and other papers. London: Tavistock.

Bolino, M.C., Klotz, A.C., Turnley, W.H. and Harvey, J. (2013) Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(4), pp. 542–559. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/job.1847 (Accessed 10 October 2025).

Borrill, C., West, M., Shapiro, D. and Rees, A. (2000) Team working and effectiveness in health care, British Journal of Health Care Management, 6(8), pp. 364–371.

Bravo, R., Lucia-Palacios, L. and Martin, M.J. (2016) Processes and outcomes in student teamwork: An empirical study in a marketing subject, Studies in Higher Education, 41(2), pp. 302–320.

Brault, I., Kilpatrick, K., D’Amour, D. and Contandriopoulos, D. (2014) Role clarification processes for better integration of nurse practitioners into primary healthcare teams, BMC Health Services Research, 14, 28.

Bush, J.T., LePine, J.A. and Newton, D.W. (2018) Teams in transition: An integrative review and synthesis of research on team task transitions and propositions for future research, Human Resource Management Review, 28(4), pp. 423–433.

Bush, T., Bell, L., Middlewood, D. and Bolam, R. (2018) The principles of educational leadership and management. London: SAGE.

Coetzee, M. (2014) Measuring student graduateness: Reliability and construct validity of the Graduate Skills and Attributes Scale, Higher Education Research and Development, 33(5), pp. 887–902.

Cohen, S.G. and Bailey, D.E. (1997) What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite, Journal of Management, 23(3), pp. 239–290.

Corey, M.S. and Corey, G. (2021) Groups: Process and practice. 11th edn. Boston, MA: Cengage.

Crebert, G., Patrick, C.-J., Cragnolini, V., Smith, C., Worsfold, K. and Webb, F. (2011a) Teamwork skills development in work-integrated learning, Studies in Higher Education, 36(7), pp. 791–811.

Crebert, G., Patrick, C.-J., Cragnolini, V., Smith, C., Worsfold, K. and Webb, F. (2011b) Critical evaluation skills toolkit. 2nd edn. Brisbane: Griffith Institute for Higher Education.

Galbraith, D.D. and Webb, F.L. (2013) Teams that work: Preparing student teams for the workplace, American Journal of Business Education, 6(2), pp. 223–234.

Galbraith, J. and Webb, N. (2013) Teamwork and collaborative learning in higher education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Ganguli, I. (2024) Task complexity and the design of collaborative work, International Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(1), pp. 22–39.

Ganguli, S. (2024) How can higher education contribute to 21st-century employability skills through collaborative learning design in business, in Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Digital Twins. Cham: Springer Nature, pp. 57–67.

Geel, M. (2015) ‘The most important employability skills for graduates in business management’, South African Journal of Higher Education, 29(6), pp. 123–140.

Geel, M. (2015) An investigation into the employability skills of undergraduate business management students. Doctoral dissertation. North-West University. Available at: http://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/13898 (Accessed 19 April 2021).

Gersick, C.J.G. (1988) Time and transition in work teams: Toward a new model of group development, Academy of Management Journal, 31(1), pp. 9–41.

Gladstein, D.L. (1984) Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4), pp. 499–517.

Goodwin, G.F., Burke, C.S., Wildman, J.L. and Salas, E. (2018) Team effectiveness in complex environments: An overview, Group and Organization Management, 43(3), pp. 315–329.

Grant, M., Hanlon, C. and Young, J.A. (2024) The graduate employability cycle of learning: Preparation, practice, and presentation, Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 15(1), pp. 255–275.

Grossman, R., Friedman, R.A. and Kalra, A. (2017a) Team task design: Complexity, interdependence, and performance, Academy of Management Review, 42(2), pp. 245–263.

Grossman, R., Friedman, S.B. and Kalra, S. (2017b) Teamwork processes and emergent states, in Salas, E., Rico, R. and Passmore, J. (eds) The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of team working and collaborative processes. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 243–269.

Hackman, J.R. and Morris, C.G. (1975) Group tasks, group interaction process, and group performance effectiveness, in Berkowitz, L. (ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 8. New York: Academic Press, pp. 45–99.

Heffernan, T.W., Feng, W., Angell, R. and Fang, Y. (2010) Employability and marketing education: Insights from the United Kingdom, Faculty of Business Papers (Archive), 1028. Available at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/buspapers/1028

Johnson, D.W. and Johnson, R.T. (2009) Joining together: Group theory and group skills. 10th edn. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K. (1993a) The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

Katzenbach, J.R. and Smith, D.K. (1993b) The rules for managing cross-functional reengineering teams, Planning Review, 21(2), pp. 12–13.

Kocsis, Z. and Pusztai, G. (2024a) Soft skills in graduate employability: The role of teamwork, European Journal of Education Research, 13(1), pp. 89–103.

Kocsis, Z. and Pusztai, G. (2024b) ‘‘Where soft skills are (not) developing…’: Graduates’ skills and the role of university, Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 15(1), pp. 409–429.

Kolzow, D.R. (2014) Leading from within: Building organizational leadership capacity. Washington, DC: National Association of Development Organizations.

Konopka, G. (1963) Social group work: A helping process. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Kozlowski, S.W.J. and Bell, B.S. (2013) Work groups and teams in organizations: Review update, in Schmitt, N.W. and Highhouse, S. (eds) Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology. 2nd edn, Vol. 12. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, pp. 412–469.

Kozlowski, S.W.J. and Ilgen, D.R. (2006) Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(3), pp. 77–124.

Lacerenza, C.N., Marlow, S.L., Tannenbaum, S.I. and Salas, E. (2019) Team development interventions: Evidence-based approaches for improving teamwork, American Psychologist, 74(4), pp. 517–531.

Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D. and Lewin, J. (2011) Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.

Ly, O., Sibbald, S.L., Verma, J.Y. and Rocker, G.M. (2018) Exploring role clarity in interorganizational spread and scale-up initiatives: the ‘INSPIRED’ COPD collaborative, BMC Health Services Research, 18, 680. Available at: https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-018-3474-2 (Accessed 10 October 2025).

MacKenzie, L. (2021) Using website scraping to match USVI employers’ job skill requirements with marketing curriculum, SSRN. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3787083 (Accessed 18 November 2021).

McEwan, D. and Beauchamp, M.R. (2014) Teamwork in sport: A theoretical and integrative review, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), pp. 229–250.

McGrath, J.E. (1964) Social psychology: A brief introduction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

McIntyre, R.M. and Salas, E. (1995) Measuring and managing for team performance: Emerging principles from complex environments, in Guzzo, R. and Salas, E. (eds) Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 149–203.

Morgan, B.B., Glickman, A.S., Woodard, E.A., Blaiwes, A.S. and Salas, E. (1986) Measurement of team behaviors in a Navy environment (NTSC Tech Report No. 86-016). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA185237.pdf

NACE (National Association of Colleges and Employers) (2016) Job outlook 2016: Attributes employers want to see on new college graduates’ resumes. NACE Center for Career Development and Talent Acquisition. Available at: http://www.naceweb.org/s11182015/employers-look-for-in-new-hires.aspx (Accessed 17 July 2021).

Noor, M.A.M. (2023) Employability skills needed for TVET graduates in Malaysia: Perspective of industry experts, Online Journal of TVET Practitioners, 8(1), pp. 52–59.

Otermans, P.C., Aditya, D. and Pereira, M. (2023) A study exploring soft skills in higher education, Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 14(1), pp. 136–153.

Otermans, P., McLean, A., Baughan, P. and Ridgway, A. (2024) Graduate skills readiness and teamwork in the workplace, Journal of Education and Work, 37(2), pp. 133–152.

Otermans, P., Nagada, U., Aditya, D. and Pereira, M. (2024) A systematic literature review of teaching employability: A focus on soft skills, Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 15(1), pp. 292–308.

Pefanis Schlee, R. and Harich, K.R. (2010) Knowledge and skill requirements for marketing jobs in the 21st century, Journal of Marketing Education, 32(3), pp. 341–352.

Renz, S.M., Carrington, J.M. and Badger, T.A. (2018) Two strategies for qualitative content analysis: An intramethod approach to triangulation, Qualitative Health Research, 28(5), pp. 824–831. doi:10.1177/1049732317753586.

Riebe, L., Girardi, A. and Whitsed, C. (2016a) A systematic literature review of teamwork pedagogy in higher education, Small Group Research, 47(6), pp. 619–664.

Riebe, L., Girardi, A., Whitsed, C. and Sullivan, L. (2016b) Teamwork: Effectively teaching an employability skill, Education + Training, 58(2), pp. 127–150.

Rousseau, V., Aubé, C. and Savoie, A. (2006) Teamwork behaviors: A review and an integration of frameworks, Small Group Research, 37(5), pp. 540–570.

Saeed, K. (2015) Gaps in marketing competencies between employers’ requirements and graduates’ skills, Pakistan Business Review, 17(1), pp. 125–146.

Salas, E., Reyes, D.L. and McDaniel, S.H. (2018) The science of teamwork: Progress, reflections, and the road ahead, American Psychologist, 73(4), pp. 593–600.

Shuffler, M.L. and Carter, D.R. (2018) Teamwork situated in multiteam systems: Key lessons and future opportunities, American Psychologist, 73(4), pp. 390–406.

Sundstrom, E., De Meuse, K.P. and Futrell, D. (1990) ‘Work teams: Applications and effectiveness, American Psychologist, 45(2), pp. 120–133.

Tannenbaum, S.I. and Salas, E. (2020) Teams that work: The seven drivers of team effectiveness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thapa, H.S. (2024) Development of employability skills through work-based learning, Journal of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), 18(1), pp. 102–111.

Tuckman, B.W. (1965) Developmental sequence in small groups, Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), pp. 384–399.

Tushar, H. and Sooraksa, N. (2023) Global employability skills in the 21st century workplace: A semi-systematic literature review, Heliyon. 9(11).

Volkov, A. and Volkov, M. (2007) Teamwork and assessment: A critique, e-Journal of Business Education and Scholarship of Teaching, 1(1), pp. 59–64.

Watzek, V. and Mulder, R.H. (2019) Team learning behaviours and team affective reactions: An empirical study on interdisciplinary work teams, Vocations and Learning, 12(1), pp. 1–22.

WEF (World Economic Forum) (2020) The Future of Jobs Report 2020. Geneva: WEF.

WEF (World Economic Forum) (2023) Future of Jobs Report 2023. Geneva: WEF.

Wood, R.E. (1986) Task complexity: Definition and construct, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37(1), pp. 60–82.

Published

2026-03-05

How to Cite

Boshoff, S. H., van Vuuren, C. J., & Koloa, H. (2026). Entry-level teamwork behaviours through a groupwork lens: Findings from employer interviews and job advertisements. Groupwork. https://doi.org/10.1921/gpwk20252476

Issue

Section

Groupwork and Research