‘I have a story to tell’: Researching migrant women’s experiences of female genital mutilation and gender-based violence in Ireland and Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v19i3.1195Abstract
This article presents insights and practical lessons learned from multiple studies the author has undertaken and participated in as principal or co-researcher and/or provided expert guidance to in Ireland and Europe. These studies primarily focus on gender-based violence (GBV) and female genital mutilation (FGM) and given their foci, have an implicit need for cognisance of child protection, legislation and onward referral procedures. The research issues of interest are often considered taboo, private, not to be discussed outside immediate family and shameful. There are multiple practical and logistical barriers, as well as language and psycho-social obstacles, to participating in, and undertaking, research on these issues. The article discusses the approaches and routes taken to recruit women affected and impacted by the issues of FGM and GBV for research studies. The responsibility on researchers to present research study findings in a sensitive manner which does not add stigma to marginalised and vulnerable groups, but that enables policy makers to utilise the research for legislative and practical purposes, is also discussed.Keywords: gender-based violence (GBV); female genital mutilation (FGM); migration; ethics; stigma; research design
References
Bansal, S., Breckwoldt, M., O’Brien Green, S. and Mbugua, S. (2013) Female genital mutilation: Information for health-care professionals working in Ireland. 2nd ed. Dublin: AkiDwA, Health Service Executive and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Cosc (2016) Action Plan: Second National Strategy on Domestic, Sexual and Gender Based Violence 2016-2021. Dublin: Government Publications Office
Downes, J., Kelly, L. and Westmarland, N. (2014) Ethics in Violence and Abuse Research –a Positive Empowerment Approach. Sociological Research Online, 19, 1, 1-13
Ellsberg, M. and Heise, L. (2005) Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists. Washington DC: World Health Organization
European Institute for Gender Equality (2013) Female Genital Mutilation in the European Union and Croatia. Vilnius: European Institute for Gender Equality
European Institute for Gender Equality (2014) Estimating the costs of gender-based violence in the European Union. Vilnius: European Institute for Gender Equality
European Institute for Gender Equality (2015b) Strategic framework on violence against women 2015-18. Vilnius: European Institute for Gender Equality
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2014) Violence Against Women: an EU-wide Survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
Fontes, L. A. (2004) Ethics in Violence Against Women Research: The Sensitive, the Dangerous, and the Overlooked. Ethics & Behavior, 14, 2, 141-174
Fontes, L. A. and McCloskey, K. A. (2011) Cultural issues in violence against women. In C. M. Renzetti, J. L. Edleson and R. Kennedy Bergen (Eds.) Sourcebook on Violence Against Women. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (pp. 151-171)
Fraga, S. (2016) Methodological and ethical challenges in violence research. Porto Biomedical Journal, 1, 2, 77-80
Goodey, J. (2017) Violence Against Women: Placing Evidence From a European Union-Wide Survey in a Policy Context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32, 12, 1760-1791
Halse, C. and Honey, A. (2005) Unravelling Ethics: Illuminating the Moral Dilemmas of Research Ethics. Signs, New Feminist Approaches to Social Science, 30, 4, 2141-2162
Holt, S., Devaney, J. and Överlien, C. (2017) Concluding Remarks. In S. Holt, C. Överlien and J. Devaney (Eds.) Responding to Domestic Violence: Emerging challenges for policy, practice and research in Europe. London: Jessica Kingsley (pp. 341-347)
Jaquier, V., Johnson, H. and Fisher, B. S. (2011) Research Methods, Measures and Ethics. In C. M. Renzetti, J. L. Edleson and R. Kennedy Bergen (Eds) Sourcebook on Violence Against Women. California: SAGE (pp. 23-48)
Kenny, N., NíRian, A. and Daly, M. (2014) Domestic Violence: A Guide for General Practice. Dublin: Quality in Practice Committee, Irish College of General Practitioners
Leye, E., Mergaert, L., Arnaut, C. and O’Brien Green, S. (2014) Towards a better estimation of prevalence of female genital mutilation in the European Union: interpreting existing evidence in all EU Member States. Genus, 70, 1, 99-121
Mergaert, L., Arnaut,C., Exterkate, M., O’Brien Green, S., Strid, S. and Leye, E. (2015) Estimation of girls at risk of female genital mutilation in the European Union. Vilnius: European Institute for Gender Equality
McBride, O., Morgan, K. and McGee, H. (2012) Irish Contraception and Crisis Pregnancy Study 2010 (ICCP-2010): A Survey of the General Population. Dublin: HSE Crisis Pregnancy Programme
McGee, H., Garavan, R., de Barra, M., Byrne, J. and Conroy, R. (2002) The SAVI report: sexual abuse and violence in Ireland a national study of Irish experiences, beliefs and attitudes concerning sexual violence. Dublin: The Liffey Press and Dublin Rape Crisis Centre
McGinnity, F., Grotti, R., Russell, H. and Fahey, É. (2018) Attitudes to Diversity in Ireland. Dublin: Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission and the Economic and Social Research Institute
Medical Research Council (2015) Guidelines for the prevention and management of vicarious trauma among researchers of sexual and intimate partner violence. Pretoria: Medical Research Council
Montoya, C. and Rolandsen Agustín, L. (2013) The Othering of Domestic Violence: The EU and Cultural Framings of Violence against Women. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 20, 4, 534-557
O’Brien Green, S. (2014). What is FGM? Association for Improvements in the Maternity Services Journal, 26, 2, 14-15
O’Brien Green, S. (2017) Organising focus groups: Process and logistics. In E. Leye and G. Coene (Eds.) Researching female genital mutilation/cutting. Brussels: Brussels University Press (pp. 85-90)
Plain English Campaign (2018) Plain English Course [Accessed on 29 May 2018 at http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/services/training/in-house-courses-available/plain-english-in-house-course.html]
Sullivan, C. and Cain, D. (2004) Ethical and Safety Considerations When Obtaining Information From or About Battered Women for Research Purposes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 5, 603-618
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2013) Too much pain: female genital mutilation & asylum in the European Union a statistical overview. Brussels: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Van Baelen, L., Ortensi, L. and Leye, E. (2016) Estimates of first generation women and girls with female genital mutilation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 21, 6, 474-482
Vearey, J., Barter, C., Hynes, P. and McGinn, T. (2017) Research ethics in practice: lessons from studies exploring interpersonal violence in different contexts. Families, Relationships and Societies, 6, 2, 273-289
Watson, D. and Parsons, S. (2005) Domestic Abuse of Women and Men in Ireland: Report of the National Study of Domestic Abuse. Dublin: National Crime Council and Economic and Social Research Institute
Women’s Health Council (2009) Translating Pain into Action: A Study of Gender-Based Violence and Minority Ethnic Women in Ireland. Full Report. Dublin: Women’s Health Council
World Health Organization (2013) Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization
World Health Organization (2016) Ethical and safety recommendations for intervention research on violence against women. Building on lessons from the WHO publication Putting women first: ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization
World Health Organization (2018) Informed Consent Form Template for Qualitative Studies. Geneva: World Health Organization. Accessed on 30 May 2018 at http://www.who.int/rpc/research_ethics/informed_consent/en/
Zimmerman, C. and Watts, C. (2003) WHO ethical and safety recommendations for interviewing trafficked women. Geneva: World Health Organization [Accessed on 30 May 2018 at http://www.who.int/rpc/research_ethics/informed_consent/en/]