The counter-narrative of an ‘unaccompanied minor’-young offender in Spain
Lessons to be learnt for policies and practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v25i2.2081Keywords:
Unaccompanied minor, Young offender, Practice, Policy, Narrative inquiryAbstract
Unaccompanied Foreign Minors (UFM) are often framed as criminals by many people in the general population, rather than as at-risk children. This paper analyses the case of Ibrahim, a Moroccan boy who had both identities (migrant and offender), but whose case ended positively, in order to dismantle prejudices, show underlying inequalities, and learn from good practice. The research was carried out using a biographical research methodology, using the cross-narrative model. The main sources of information and data collection techniques were: a) Interviews with 12 key informants; b) Documentary records (all files related to his case); and c) More than 200 photographs, mostly of his rehabilitation process. The results are divided into two parts. The first one shows the (risk factors) living conditions of the unaccompanied minors in their contexts of origin. And the second one analyses the most relevant aspects of the successful intervention carried out with him. The conclusions are drawn from their analysis: Firstly, an approach is recommended that is focused on humanising ‘UFM’ and ensuring a basic standard of living conditions, which would also reduce migration and anti-social behaviour. Secondly, a social, personalised, ecological and empowering model of intervention must be applied to support individuals transforming their circumstances.
References
Barbulescu, R. and Grygel, J. (2016) Unaccompanied minors, migration control and human rights at the EU’s southern border: The role and limits of civil society activism. Migration Studies, 4, 2, 253-272.
Berriane, M. and Aderghal, M. (2011) Orígenes y destinos de la emigración desde las principales regiones de procedencia de los flujos hacia Andalucía [Origins and destinations of emigration from the main regions of origin of the flows to Andalusia]. in A. Cohen and M. Berriane (Eds.) De Marruecos a Andalucía: Migración y espacio social. From Morocco to Andalusia: Migration and Social Space. Granada: University of Granada (pp.55-61).
Bertaux, D. (2005) Los relatos de vida. Perspectiva etnosociológica [Life stories. Ethno-sociological perspective]. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra.
Biagioli, R., González-Monteagudo, J. and Petruzzi, C. (ed.) (2018) Papel y formación de los educadores. Pedagogía y metodologías para las comunidades de acogida de menores extranjeros no acompañados [Role and training of educators. Pedagogy and methodologies for communities hosting unaccompanied foreign minors]. Italia: L’Harmattan.
Bravo-Rodríguez, R. M. (2005) Situation of unaccompanied migrant minors in Spain. in Council of Europe (ed). Regional Conference on ‘Migration of unaccompanied minors: acting in the best interests of the child’. Spain: Torremolinos (Málaga), (pp.69-92). Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.es/scholar?q=Rodr%C3%ADguez,+2005.+Situation+of+unaccompanied+migrant+minors+in+Spain.&hl=es&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart
Caetano, A. (2015) Personal reflexivity and biography: Methodological challenges and strategies. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18, 2, 227-242.
Castells, M. (1997) La era de la información: Economía, sociedad y cultura. Vol. 2 El poder de la identidad [The information Age: Economy, society and culture. Vol. 2 The Power of Identity]. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
Charry Joya, C. A. (2017). Tan cerca y tan lejos. Los problemas disciplinares entre sociología e historia y la práctica de una nueva sociología histórica [So near and yet so far. The disciplinary problems between sociology and history and the practice of a new historical sociology]. Revista de Estudios Sociales 60, 36-48. https://dx.doi.org/10.7440/res60.2017.03
Chen, J., Lau, C., Tapanya, S. and Cameron, C. A. (2012) Identities as protective processes: socio-ecological perspectives on youth resilience. Journal of Youth Studies, 15, 6, 761-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.677815
Clemens, M., Huang, C., Graham, J. and Gough, K. (2019) La migración es lo que hacemos de ella [Migration is what we make of it]. Política Exterior, 33, 187, 46-66.
Dowds, E. (2019) Children born of sexual and gender-based violence in conflict: The international criminal court, ecological environments and human development. Children and Society, 33, 226–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12329
Ferrarotti, F. (1991) La historia y lo cotidiano [History and Daily Life]. Barcelona: Península.
Funes, J. (2008) Encontremos un lugar para la infancia [Finding a place for childhood]. Cuadernos de pedagogía, 382, 80-83.
Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1980) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine.
García Andrés, E. & López Gallego, D. (2010). Sistemas de protección emergentes: el caso de Tánger, ciudad fronteriza [Emerging protection systems: the case of Tangier, a border city]. Pedagogía Social. Revista Interuniversitaria, 17, 57-70. https://recyt.fecyt.es/index.php/PSRI/article/view/36961/20526
Herrera, D., Frost, N. and Devaney, C. (2020) Understanding contemporary family support: Reflections on theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 21, 2, 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v21i2.1420
Herrera-Pastor, D. & Frost, N. (2021). Basic epistemology of biographical research: a review based on the extraordinary life history of a young offender. Revista Latinoamericana de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales (Relmecs) 11(1), e086. https://doi.org/10.24215/18537863e086
Herrera-Pastor, D., Padilla-Carmona, M.T., & González-Monteagudo, J. (2020). Acompañamiento sociopedagógico, holismo y longitudinalidad: Claves de una buena práctica con un menor infractor [Socio-pedagogical accompaniment, holism and longitudinality: Keys from a good practice with a young offender] Revista Fuentes 22 (1), 62-74. https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2020.v22.i1.05
Herrero, C. (2009) Delincuencia de menores. Tratamiento criminológico y jurídico [Juvenile Delinquency. Criminological and legal treatment]. Spain: Dykinson.
Huang, A. L. (2017) School social workers in the USA: Using collaboration to maximize service delivery and utilizing evidence based practices for social skills building. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 18, 3, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v18i3.976
Keles, S., Friborg, O., Idsøe, T., Sirin, S. and Oppedal, B. (2016) Depression among unaccompanied minor refugees: The relative contribution of general and acculturation-specific daily hassles. Ethnicity & Health, 21, 3, 300-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2015.1065310
Konstantoni, K., Kustatscher, M. and Emejulu, A. (2017) Travelling with intersectionality across time, place and space. Children’s Geographies, 15, 1–5.
Law 5/2000 [LO 5/2000], Reguladora de la responsabilidad penal del menor menor [Regulator of criminal responsibility of minors] (Spain). BOE 11, 12 enero 2000 (1422-1441).
Law 8/2006 [LO 8/2006], por la que se modifica la LO 5/2000, Reguladora de la responsabilidad penal del menor [regulator of criminal responsibility of minors] (Spain). BOE 290, 5 de diciembre 2006 (42700-42712).
López-Reillo, P. (2011) Jóvenes de África reinventando su vida. Menores extranjeros no acompañados salvando fronteras fronteras [Young People from Africa Reinventing their Lives. Unaccompanied foreign minors crossing borders]. Tenerife: Cabildo de Tenerife.
Martínez-Reguera, E. (2007) Cachorros de nadie. Descripción psicológica de la infancia explotada [Nobody’s Babies. Psychological description of exploited childhood]. Madrid: Editorial Popular.
Observatorio de la delincuencia [Crime Observatory] (2019) Datos judiciales sobre menores. Nivel Nacional [Judicial Data on Minors. National level]. Instituto Andaluz Interuniversitario de Criminología: Universidad de Málaga. Retrieved from http://www.oda.uma.es/datos-delincuencia.php?PHPSESSID=36359e906bcbf8530b0edc55f95eb114
Ocáriz, E. and Bermejo, F. (2008) Unaccompanied foreign minors and delinquency: A retrospective study of influence of psychosocial variables. International e-Journal of Criminal Sciences, 2, 1-23.
Pérez, C. (coord.) (2012). La acción educativa social: nuevos planteamientos [Social Educational Action. New approaches]. Madrid: Desclee de Brouwer.
Pienimäki, M. (2021) Participatory photography supporting the social inclusion of migrant youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 24, 9, 1179-1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2020.1814227
Quiroga, V., Alonso, A. & Sòria, M. (2011). Los menores en contextos migratorios. Evolución estadística del fenómeno (1993–2009) [Minors in the Migration Context. A Statistical Development of the Phenomenon (1993–2009)]. In M. Revilla (Coord.), Infancia, juventud y migraciones. una mirada para la cooperación internacional [Children, youth and migration. An outlook for international cooperation], 177–205. Madrid: Fundación Carolina-Siglo XXI de España Editores.
Rinken, S. (2016) Crisis económica y sentimiento antinmigrante: el caso de Andalucía [Economic crisis and anti-immigrant sentiment: The case of andalusia]. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 156, 77-96. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.156.77
Rosales, J. M. (2014) La integración cívica de los inmigrantes. Un ensayo sobre inmigración, ciudadanía y derechos [The Civic Integration of Immigrants. An essay on immigration, citizenship and rights]. Barcelona: Horsori.
Rosenow-Williams, K., Zimmermann, I. and Bergedieck, A. (2019) Human security perspectives on refugee children in Germany. Children & Society, 33, 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12330
Royal Decree [Real Decreto] 557/2011, 20 Abril, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley Orgánica 4/2000, sobre derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España y su integración social, tras su reforma por Ley Orgánica 2/2009 [approving the Regulations of Law 4/2000 on the rights and freedoms of foreigners in Spain and their social integration, following its reform by Law 2/2009].
Save the Children (2018) Los más solos [The loneliest]. Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.es/los-mas-solos (Accessed 13th June 2023)
Schindel, E. (2017) Migrantes y refugiados en las fronteras de Europa. Cualificación por el sufrimiento, nuda vida y agencias [Migrants and Refugees at the European Borders: The Legitimacy of Suffering, Bare Life and Paradoxical Agency]. Revista de Estudios Sociales 59, 16-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.7440/res59.2017.02
Senovilla Hernández, D. (2008) Los menores extranjeros no acompañados en Europa [Unaccompanied Foreign Minors in Europe]. Murcia: Fundación Diagrama.
Senovilla Hernández, D. (2017) Normas y migraciones: entre gestión De la vulnerabilidad y control de la credibilidad [Regulations and migrations: between the need of being qualified as vulnerable and selective credibility assessments]. Anduli, 16, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.12795/anduli.2017.i16.01
Simmons-Horton, S.Y. (2021) ‘A Bad combination’: Lived experiences of youth involved in the foster care and juvenile justice systems. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 38, 583–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-020-00693-1
Susinos, T., Ceballos, N., Saiz, A., and Ruiz, J. (2019) ¿Es la participación inclusiva el unicornio en la escuela? Resultados de una investigación sobre la voz del alumnado en centros de educación obligatoria [Is inclusive participation the unicorn in school? Results of a research study on student voice in compulsory education centres]. Publicaciones, 49, 3, 57-78. https://doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v49i3.11404
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2005) General comment No. 6 Treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin. (Accessed 20th June 2023)
UNICEF (2017) A deadly journey for children: The central Mediterranean migration route. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_94905.html Accessed 24th June 2023)
Urra Portillo, J. (2004) Adolescentes en conflicto. 52 casos reales [Adolescents in Conflict. 52 real cases]. Madrid: Pirámide.
Valles Martínez, M., Cea D’Ancona, M. A. and Domínguez Alegría, G. (2017) Discriminación múltiple e inmigración: huellas de discurso institucional, académico y de la población [Multiple discrimination and immigration: traces of institutional, academic and public discourse]. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 159, 135-150. https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.159.135
Waitoller, F. R., Beasly, L., Gorham, A. and Kang, V. Y. (2019) Hacia una educación inclusiva interseccional: El caso de los estudiantes afroamericanos y latinos con discapacidades en chicago [Towards inclusive intersectional education: The case of African American and Latino students with disabilities in Chicago]. Publicaciones, 49, 3, 37-55. https://doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v49i3.11403
Waller, R. and Simmons, J. (2009) Vidas a través de la lente de un ojo de buitre: Interpretando cuentos de aprendices [Lives through the lens of a vulture’s eye: Interpreting apprentice tales]. in J. I. Rivas Flores and D. Herrera Pastor (coords.) Voz y educación. La narrativa como enfoque de interpretación de la realidad [Voice and Education. Narrative as an approach to the interpretation of reality]. Barcelona: Octaedro (pp.55-74).
Winters, A.M. (2020) Theoretical foundations: Delinquency risk factors and services aimed at reducing ongoing offending. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 37, 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-020-00655-7Table 3
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright lies with the journal. Enquiries regarding reproduction should be sent in the first place to enquiries@whitingbirch.netAccepted 2024-04-27
Published 2024-12-29