Step forward? Step back? The professionalisation of fostering

Authors

  • Derek Kirton

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v13i1.465

Keywords:

professionalisation, foster care, family, work, gender

Abstract

This article examines the long term if uneven trend towards professionalisation in foster care, within the contexts of theoretical debates on professionalisation and contemporary policy in relation to looked after children. While the professionalising trend has been driven by a number of powerful factors within foster care and by broader societal and policy developments, it remains contentious due to the hybrid nature of foster care straddling the domains of ‘family’ and ‘work’. Various aspects of hybridity are explored including its implications for motivation, training and differentiation among foster carers. While broadly supporting the professionalisation of foster carers, not least as a measure to tackle their exploitation and its gendered nature, it is argued that hybridity requires a delicate balance to be struck and maintained in order that further professionalising measures do not undermine the personal and familial aspects of foster care that are crucial to its success.

References

Adamson, G. (1973) The Care-Takers. London: BookstallnAldridge, M. and Evetts, J. (2003) Rethinking the concept of professionalism: The case of journalism, British Journal of Sociology, 54, 4, 547-64nBeresford, P. and Croft, S. (2001) Service users’ knowledges and the social construction of social work.Journal of Social Work, 1, 3, 295-316nBerridge D. and Cleaver, H. (1987) Foster Home Breakdown. Oxford: BlackwellnBostock, L. (2003) Childminding Registration and Private Fostering. Bristol: Social Care Institute for ExcellencenBroad, B. (2001) Kinship Care: The placement choice for children and young people. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenBrewer, C. and Lait, J. (1980) Can Social Work Survive? London: Temple SmithnCaesar, G., Parchment, M and Berridge, D. (1994) Black Perspectives on Services for Children in Need. Barkingside, Essex: Barnardos/National Children's BureaunCameron, C., Candappa, M., McQuail, S., Mooney, A., Moss, P and Petrie, P. (2003) Early Years and Childcare International Evidence Project. London: Thomas Coram Research UnitnCameron, C. and Boddy, J. (2006) Knowledge and education for care workers: What do they need to know?. in J. Boddy, C. Cameron and P. Moss Care Work: Present and future. London: RoutledgenCampbell, M. (2005) Integrated and Qualified: Workforce development for effective delivery of services to vulnerable children and young people and those who care for them. Policy drivers update. Leeds: Skills for CarenChamberlain, P. and Reid, J. (1998) Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration, for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 4, 624-33nChief Secretary to the Treasury (2003) Every Child Matters. Cm5860. London: TSOnChildren Now (2006) News. 27 September, p.4nClarke, J. and Newman, J. (1997) The Managerial State: Power, politics and ideology in the remaking of social welfare. London: SagenCleaver, H. (2000) Fostering Family Contact. London: TSOnCommission for Social Care Inspection (2006) The State of Social Care 2005-6. London: Commission for Social Care InspectionnColton, M. and Williams, M. (Eds.) (2006) Global Perspectives on Foster Family Care. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenCorrick, H. (1999) The professionalisation of foster care. in A. Wheal The RHP Companion to Foster Care. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenDaly, M. and Lewis, J. (2003) The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states. British Journal of Sociology, 51, 2, 281-298nDepartment for Education and Skills (2006a) Statistics of Education: Children looked after by local authorities year ending 31 march 2005. Volume 1: National tables. London: Department for Education and SkillsnDepartment for Education and Skills (2006b) Care Matters: Transforming the lives of children and young people in care. (Cm 6932). London: Department for Education and SkillsnDepartment of Health (2002) Fostering Services: National Minimum Standards, Fostering Services Regulations. London: TSOnDinnage, R. and Kelmer Pringle, M. (1967) Foster Home Care, Facts and fallacies: A review of research in the United States, Western Europe, Israel and Great Britain between 1948 and 1966. London: LongmansnEtzioni, A. (1969) Semi-Professions and their Organisation: Teachers, nurses and social workers. New York: Free PressnFarmer, E., Moyers, S. and Lipscombe, J. (2004) Fostering Adolescents. London: Jessica KingsleynFarmer, E. and Moyers, S. (2005) Children Placed with Family and Friends: Placement patterns and outcomes. Briefing. http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sps/downloads/Hadley/kinship%20care.doc'>www.bristol.ac.uk/sps/downloads/Hadley/kinship%20care.docnFawcett, B., Featherstone, B., and Goddard, J (2004) Contemporary Child Care: Policy and practice. Basingstoke: PalgravenFolbre, N. and Nelson, J. (2000) For love or money: Or both?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14, 4, 123–40nFostering Network (2004) Survey of Carers. London: Fostering NetworknFoster, P. and Wilding, P. (2000) Whither welfare professionalism? Social Policy and Adminisration, 34, 2, 143-59nFournier, V. (1999) The appeal to ‘professionalism’ as a disciplinary mechanism. Sociological Review, 47, 2, 280-307nFreidson, E. (1988) Professional Powers: A study in the institutionalisation of formal knowledge. Chicago: Chicago University PressnGiddens, A. (1998) Third Way: The renewal of social democracy. Cambridge: PolitynGillen, S. (2004) Court action will test discriminatory fostering payments to kinship carers. Community Care, 4th March, pp.18-19nGillies, V. (2005) Meeting Parents’ needs? Discourses of ‘support’ and ‘inclusion’ in family policy. Critical Social Policy, 25, 1, 70-90nHarris, J. (2002) The Social Work Business. London: RoutledgenHayden, C., Goddard, J., Gorin, S., and van der Spek, N. (1999) State Child Care: Looking after children?. London: Jessica KingsleynHazel, N., (1981) A Bridge to Independence. Oxford: Basil BlackwellnHealy, K. and Meagher, G. (2004) The reprofessionalization of social work: Collaborative approaches for achieving professional recognition. British Journal of Social Work, 34, 2, 243-60nHearn, J. (1982) Notes on patriarchy, professionalisation and the semi-professions. Sociology, 16, 2, 184-202nHenderson, J. and Forbat, L. (2002) Relationship-based social policy: personal and policy constructions of ‘care’. Critical Social Policy, 22, 4, 669-687nHenricson, C. (2003) Government and Parenting: Is there a case for a policy review and a parents’ code. York: Joseph Rowntree FoundationnHM Revenue and Customs (2005) Foster Care Relief. http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/individuals/foster-care-relief.pdf'>www.hmrc.gov.uk/individuals/foster-care-relief.pdfnHochschild, A. (1983) The Managed Heart: Commercialisation of human feelings. Berkely: University of California PressnHolman, R. (1975) The place of fostering in social work. British Journal of Social Work, 5, 1, 3-29nHowe, D. (1986) Social Workers and their Practice in Welfare Bureaucracies. Aldershot: GowernHudson, J. (1999) Summary. in A. Wheal The RHP Companion to Foster Care. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenHugman, R. (1991) Power in Caring Professions. Basingstoke: MacmillannIllich, I. (1977) Disabling Professions. London: Marion BoyarsnJohnson, T. (1972) Power and Professions. London: MacmillannKendrick, A. (1998) In their best interest? Protecting children from abuse in residential and foster care. International Journal of Child and Family Welfare, 3, 2, 169-185nKirk, S. and Glendinning, C. (2002) Supporting ‘expert’ parents: Professional support and families caring for a child with complex health care needs in the community, International Journal of Nursing Studies, 39, 6, 625-635nKirton, D. (2001) Family budgets and public money: spending fostering payments. Child and Family Social Work, 6, 4, 305-314nKirton, D., Beecham, J. and Ogilvie, K. (2003) Remuneration and Performance in Foster Care. Canterbury: University of KentnLand, H. (2002) Spheres of care in the UK: separate and unequal, Critical Social Policy, 22, 1, 13-22nLarson, M.S. (1977) The Rise of Professionalism: A sociological analysis. Berkely: University of California PressnLowe, K.(1999) Training for foster carers. in A. Wheal The RHP Companion to Foster Care. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenMacDonald, K. (1995) The Sociology of the Professions. London: SagenMacdonald, G. and Kakavelakis, I. (2004) Helping Foster Carers to Manage Challenging Behaviour: Evaluation of a cognitive-behavioural training programme for foster carers. Exeter: University of Exeter, Centre for Evidence-based Social ServicesnMeyer, M.H. (2000) Care Work: Gender, labor and the welfare state. New York: RoutledgenMiller, P. and Rose, N. (1990) Governing economic life. Economy and Society, 19, 1, 1-31nMinnis, H. and Devine, C. (2001) The effect of foster carer training on the emotional and behavioural functioning of looked after children. Adoption and Fostering, 25, 1, 44-54nMoore, W. (1970 The Professions: Roles and rules. New York: Russell Sage FoundationnNational Foster Care Association (1989) Foster Care Charter. London: National Foster Care AssociationnNational Foster Care Association (1993) Foster Carers: Payment for skills. London: National Foster Care AssociationnNational Foster Care Association (1997) Foster Care in Crisis: A call to professionalise the forgotten service. London: National Foster Care AssociationnNelson, J. (1999) Of markets and martyrs: Is it ok to pay well for care?. Feminist Economics, 5, 3, 43-59nNixon, S. (1997) The limits of support in foster care. British Journal of Social Work, 27, 6, 913-930nNutt, L. (2006) The Lives of Foster Carers: Private sacrifices, public restrictions. Abingdon: RoutledgenO’Brien, V. (2000) Relative care. in G. Kelly and R. Gilligan Issues in Foster Care: Policy, practice and research, London: Jessica KingsleynOldfield, N. (1997) The Adequacy of Foster Care Allowances. Aldershot: AshgatenPahl, J. (1989) Money and Marriage. Basingstoke: MacmillannParker, R. (1966) Decision in Child Care: A study of prediction in fostering. London: Allen and UnwinnParry, J., Taylor, R., Pettinger, L., and Glucksmann, M. (2005) Confronting the challenges of work today: New horizons and perspectives. Sociological Review, 53, s2, 1-18nPearson, G. (1983) Hooligan: A history of respectable ideas. London: MacmillannPithouse, A., Hill-Tout, J. and Lowe, K. (2002) Training foster carers in challenging behaviour: A case study in disappointment?. Child and Family Social Work, 7, 3, 203-214nRhodes, P. (1993) Charitable vocation or ‘proper job’?: The role of payment in foster care. Adoption and Fostering, 17, 1, 8-13nSchofield, G., Beek, M., and Sargent, K. with Thoburn, J. (2000) Growing Up in Foster Care. London: British Agencies for Adoption and FosteringnSellick, C. (2002) The aims and principles of independent fostering agencies: A view from the inside. Adoption and Fostering, 26, 1, 56-63nSellick, C. and Connolly, J. (2002) Independent fostering agencies uncovered: The findings of a national study. Child and Family Social Work, 7, 1, 107-120nSellick, C. and Howell, D. (2003) Innovative, Tried and Tested: A review of good practice in fostering. London: Social Care Institute for ExcellencenSergeant, H. (2006) Handle With Care: An investigation into the care system. London: Centre for Young Policy StudiesnShaw, M. and Hipgrave, T. (1983) Specialist Fostering, London: BatsfordnSinclair, I. and Wilson, K. (2003) Matches and mismatches: The contribution of carers and children to the success of foster placements. British Journal of Social Work, 33, 7, 871-884nSinclair, I, Gibbs, I., and Wilson, K. (2004) Foster Carers: Why they stay and why they go. London: Jessica KingsleynSinclair, I, Gibbs, I. and Wilson, K. (2005) Foster Placements: Why they succeed and why they fail. London: Jessica KingsleynSmith, B. (1988) Something you do for love: The question of money and foster care. Adoption and Fostering, 12, 4, 34-38nStone, D. (2000) Caring by the book. in M.H. Meyer Care Work: Gender, Labor and the Welfare State. New York: RoutledgenSwain, V. (2007) Can't Afford to Foster: A survey of fee payments to foster carers. London: Fostering NetworknTapsfield, R. (2001) Kinship care: A family rights group perspective. in B. Broad Kinship Care: The placement choice for children and young people. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenTapsfield, R. and Collier, F. (2005) The Cost of Foster Care: Investing in our children's future. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering/The Fostering NetworknTesta, M. and Rolock, N. (1999) Professional foster care: A future worth pursuing? Child Welfare, 78, 1, 108-124nToren, N. (1972) Social Work: The case of a semi-profession. London: SagenTriseliotis, J., Sellick C. and Short, R. (1995) Foster Care: Theory and practice. London: Batsford/British Agencies for Adoption and FosteringnTriseliotis, J., Borland, M., and Hill, M. (2000) Delivering Foster Care, London: British Agencies for Adoption and FosteringnUK Joint Working Party on Foster Care (1999) UK National Standards for Foster Care. London: National Foster Care AssociationnVerity, P. (1999) Financial matters. in A. Wheal The RHP Companion to Foster Care. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenWaterhouse, S. (1997) The Organisation of Fostering Services: A study of the arrangements for the delivery of fostering services in England. London: National Foster Care AssociationnWaterhouse, S. (2001) Keeping children in kinship placements within court proceedings. in B. Broad Kinship Care: The placement choice for children and young people. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenWheal, A. (1999) Family and friends who are carers. in A. Wheal The RHP Companion to Foster Care. Lyme Regis: Russell HousenWilensky, H. (1964) Professionalisation of everyone, American Journal of Sociology, 70, 2, 137-58nWilson, K. and Evetts, J. (2006) The professionalisation of foster care. Adoption and Fostering, 30, 1, 39-47nWitz, A. (1992) Professions and Patriarchy. London: RoutledgenZelizer, V. (1997) The Social Meaning of Money: Pin money, pay checks, poor relief and other currencies. Princeton: Princeton University Pressn

Downloads

Published

2012-12-20

How to Cite

Kirton, D. (2012). Step forward? Step back? The professionalisation of fostering. Social Work and Social Sciences Review, 13(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v13i1.465

Issue

Section

Articles