Understanding practice placements where students falter and fail

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v20i2.1994

Keywords:

critical realism, placement, failure, social work, field education

Abstract

This paper offers a theoretical exposition of critical realism for social work practice education. The specific focus is on faltering students at the cusp of placement failure, and the urgent supportive role of practice educators and tutors in promoting learner’s reflective capacity as active agents in their learning. A key premise of the paper is that eliminating the oftentimes contested space between what key parties think is happening, and what is actually manifest in reality, is an imperative that can be supported by critical realism. Here critical realist scholars argue that one’s social reality is manifest in proximity to both an observable and socially constructed world, alongside an actual real world, with the former sometimes at odds with the latter. In concluding, the case is restated for critical realism as a theoretical tool for practice education with students who falter and fail.

Author Biography

Susan Flynn, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin

Dr Susan Flynn is Asst. Professor in the School of Social Work and Social Policy, at Trinity College Dublin. Her research interests are generally in the areas of child protection and disability, critical disability studies, and disability and austerity.

References

Archer, M. (1995) Realist Social Theory: The morphogenetic approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Baginsky, M., Hickman, B., Moriarty, J. and Manthorpe, J. (2020) Working with Signs of Safety: Parents’ perception of change. Child & Family Social Work, 25, 1, 154–164

Basnett, F. and Sheffield, D. (2010) The impact of social work student failure upon practice educators. The British Journal of Social Work, 40, 7, 2119–2136

Bhaskar, R. (1975) A Realist Theory of Science. London: Routledge

Bhaskar, R. (2008) Dialectic: The pulse of freedom. London: Routledge

Bhaskar, R. (1979) The Possibility of Naturalism. London: Routledge

Bryman, A. (2016) Social Research Methods. 4th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Buch-Hansen, H. and Nielsen, P. (2020) Critical Realism: Basics and beyond. London: Macmillan

Burr, V. (2015) Social Constructionism. 3rd edn. London: Routledge

Cleak, H., O’Connor, E. and Roulston, A. (2022) Integrating relational knowing and structured learning in social work placements – a framework for learning in practice. Social Work Education, 00, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2075337

Cleak, H., Roulston, A. and Vreugdenhil, A. (2016) The inside story: A survey of social work students’ supervision and learning opportunities on placement. The British Journal of Social Work, 46, 7, 2033-2050. Doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcv117

CORU (2019) Social Workers Registration Board: Standards of proficiency for social workers. https://www.coru.ie/files-education/swrb-standards-of-proficiency-for-social-workers.pdf

Danermark, B., Ekström, M. and Karlson, J. (2019) Explaining Society: Critical realism in the social sciences. London: Routledge

Data Protection Commission (2019) Guidance Note: A Practical Guide to Personal

Data Breach Notifications under the GDPR. Republic of Ireland: Data Protection Commission

DeShazer, S. (1985) Keys to Solution in Brief Therapy. W. W. Norton: New York

DeShazer, S., Dolan, Y., Korman, H., Trepper, T., McCollum, E. and Kim Berg, I. (2021) More Than Miracles: The state of the art of solution-focused brief therapy. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Haworth Press

Dominelli, L. (2017) Anti-racist Social Work. 4th edn. London: Red Globe Press

Fenton, J. (2022) Radical Challenges for Social Work Education. Oxon: Routledge

Finch, J. and Taylor, I. (2013) Failure to fail? Practice educators’ emotional experiences of assessing failing social work students. Social Work Education, 32, 2, 244-258

Finch, J. (2015) Running with the fox and hunting with the hounds: Social work tutors’ experiences of managing failing social work students in practice learning settings. British Journal of Social Work, 45, 7, 2124–2141

Furness, F. (2012) Gender at work. Characteristics of failing students. British Journal of Social Work, 42, 3, 480-499

Furness, S. and Gilligan, P. (2004) Fit for purpose: Issues from practice placements, practice teaching and the assessment of students’ practice. Social Work Education, 23, 4, 465–479

Garrett, P.M. (2016) Questioning tales of ‘ordinary magic’: ‘Resilience’ and neoliberal reasoning. British Journal of Social Work, 46, 7, 1909-1925

Greene, G.J. and Lee, M.Y. (2011) Solution-oriented Social Work Practice: An integrative approach to working with client strengths. New York: Oxford University Press

Hartwig, M. (2007) Dictionary of Critical Realism. Routledge: Milton Park

Health Service Executive (2011) Child Protection and Welfare Practice Handbook. Dublin: Health Service Executive

Houston, S. and Swords, C. (2022) Critical realism, mimetic theory and social work. Journal of Social Work, 22, 2, 345-363

Houston, S. (2022) Dialectical critical realism, transformative change and social work. Critical and Radical Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1332/204986021X16455451510551

International Federation of Social Workers (2014) Global Definition of the Social Work Profession. https://www.ifsw.org/what-is-social-work/global-definition-of-social-work/

Joubert, L. and Webber, M. (2020) The Routledge Handbook of Social Work Practice Research. London: Routledge

Kumpulainen, K. and Wray, D. (2002) Classroom Interaction and Social Learning: From theory to practice. London: Routledge

Lafrance, J., Gray, E. and Herbert, M. (2004) Gatekeeping for professional social work practice. Social Work Education, 23, 3, 25-340

Levinger, M. and Segev, E. (2016) Admission and completion of social work programs: Who drops out and who finishes? Journal of Social Work, 18, 1, 1–23

MacDermott, D. and Harkin-MacDermott, C. (2021) Perceptions of trainee practice teachers in Northern Ireland: Assessing competence and readiness to practise during COVID 19. Practice. http://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2021.1904868

Martino, W. and Rezai-Rashti, G. (2012) Gender, Race, and the Politics of Role Modelling: The influence of male teachers. New York: Routledge

Masocha, S. (2015) Reframing black social work students’ experiences of teaching and learning. Social Work Education, 34, 6, 636-664

McCartan, C., Byrne, J., Campbell, J., Coogan, D., Davidson, G., Hayes, D., Kirwan, G., MacDonald, M., McCaughren, S., McFadden, P., McGregor, C., Montgomery, L., Pentaraki, M., Roddy, S., Roulston, A., Shore C. and Wilson, E. (2022) Social work students on the island of Ireland: a cross-sectional survey. Social Work Education, 41, 2, 228-247

McGovern, M. (2021) Assessment and decision making under the spotlight: The roles of student, practice teacher, tutor and university in four failed social work placements. Journal of Practice Teaching & Learning, 17, 3, 64-81

McGovern, M. (2016) Social work placement: New approaches. New thinking. Failing Forward. https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/10022

Messinger, L. (2004) Out in the field: Gay and lesbian social work students experiences in field placement. Journal of Social Work Education, 40, 2, 187-204

Murray, R. and McGovern, M. (2014) Two Sides of the One Coin: Assessment of Students who have previously failed a placement and the role of the practice teacher. Journal of Practice Teaching & Learning, 13, 2/3, 73-87

Northern Ireland Social Care Council. (2019) Standards of Conduct and Practice for Social Work Students. Northern Ireland: NISCC

Northern Ireland Social Care Council. (2019) Standards of Conduct and Practice for Social Workers. https://staging.niscc.info/app/uploads/2020/09/standards-of-conduct-and-practice-for-social-workers-2019.pdf

Parker, J. (2010) When things go wrong! Placement disruption and termination: Power and student perspectives. British Journal of Social Work, 40, 3, 983–999

Raymond, G. T. (2000) Gatekeeping in field education in P. Gibbs and E. H. Blakely (Eds.) Gatekeeping in BSW Programs. Colombia University Press, New York (pp.212–235)

Royse, P. (2000) The ethics of gatekeeping in P. Gibbs and E. H. lakely (Eds.) Gatekeeping in BSW Programs. Colombia University Press: New York (pp. 73-106)

Roulston, A., Cleak, H., Hayes, D., McFadden, P., O’Connor, E. and Shore, C. (2021) To fail or not to fail: enhancing our understanding of reasons why social work students failed practice placements. Social Work Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2021.1973991

Roulston, A., Cleak, H., Nelson, R. and Hayes, D. (2022a) How power dynamics and relationships interact with assessment of competence: Exploring the experiences of student social workers who failed a practice placement. The British Journal of Social Work, 52, 3, 1662–1682. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab070

Roulston, A., McNeill, C., Hayes, D. and Traynor, M. (2022b) Evaluating shortlisting methods for admission into the social work degree: personal statement versus psychological test. Social Work Education, 00, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2022.2146668Sayer, A.R. (2010) Method in Social Science: A realist approach. London: Routledge

Schaub, J. and Dalrymple, R. (2011) ‘She Didn’t Seem like a Social Worker’: Practice educators’ experiences and perceptions of failing social work students on placements. London: Higher Education Academy

Shapton, M. (2006) Failing to fail students in the caring professions: Is the assessment process failing the professions? Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning, 7, 2, 50 – 64

Silverman, D. (2016) Qualitative Research. 4th edn. Los Angeles: Sage

Smullens, S. (2015) Burnout and Self-Care in Social Work: A guidebook for students and those in mental health and related professions. 2nd edn. Washington: NASW Press

Social Work Task Force (SWTF) (2009) Facing up to the Task: The interim report of the social work taskforce. Department of Health: London

Tedam, P. (2014) When failing doesn’t matter: A narrative inquiry into the social work practice learning experiences of black African students in England. International Journal of Higher Education, 3, 1, 136-145

Thomas, G., Howe, K. and Keen, S. (2012) Supporting black and minority ethnic students in practice learning. The Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning, 10, 3, 37-54

Thompson, N. and Stepney, P. (2017) Social Work Theory and Methods: the essentials. Routledge: New York

Toczek, L., Bosma, H. and Peter, R. (2021) The gender pay gap: Income inequality over life course: A multilevel analysis. Frontiers in Sociology, 6 (815376), pp. 1-14

Turnell, A. and Murphy, T. (2014) The Signs of Safety: Child protection approach and framework: Comprehensive briefing paper. 3rd edn. Australia: Consultancy

Tusla (2018) Child Protection and Welfare Practice Handbook 2. Dublin: Tusla

Urwin, C., Van Soest, D. and Kretzscher, J. A. (2006) Key principles for developing gatekeeping standards for working with students with problems. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 26, 1, 163–180

Vakalahi, H.F., Sermon, M., Richardson, A., Dillard, V. and Moncrief, A. (2014) ‘Do you see me?’ The complex experiences of women of color MSW students. Intercultural Education, 25, 5, 418-427

Williams, N. (2017) Recognising the needs of black social work students. Social Work with Groups, 40, 1/2, 124-128

Published

2023-06-14

How to Cite

Flynn, S. (2023). Understanding practice placements where students falter and fail. The Journal of Practice Teaching and Learning, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1921/jpts.v20i2.1994
Received 2022-08-23
Accepted 2023-02-27
Published 2023-06-14